Shem or Tuitsch came into Europe with members of his family, as
well as with certain of the sons of Japheth and two of the sons of Ham
who were of the white stock. From these have descended most of the
present-day nations of Europe. The descendants of Shem include many
sons of Joktan, son of Heber, and a number of the sons of Mash, son of
Aram. The Biblical names (Genesis 10) of the grandsons and
great-grandsons of Shem are clearly preserved in most instances by the
"Chronicle". In the following chart, together with the names of the
patriarchal settlers, appear either the areas settled, the tribes which
sprang from them, or their Biblical names. An historical or classical
map should be consulted for location of geographic names. In later
times the descendants of these early heroes migrated west, south, north
and east under population pressure.
The real beginnings of Assyrian history were not presented in
Volume I. They are restored here. One account begins with the reign of
Nimrod in 2194 -- after the 60-year reign of Cush. Cush was the first
Belus -- the word means "lord" -- who bore rule after the Flood.
Early Rulers of Assyria
and Babylon Lengths of Reign Dates
Saturn: the Nimrod of Scripture, 56 2194-2138
known also as Ninus I.
Belus: great lord of Assyria 55 2138-2083
-- a title of Shem as lord
over all his family. The
title was later taken by Asshur.
Ninus II: conquered the 52 2100-2048
Middle East in 17 years
(2100-2083), while his
father was recognized as
supreme ruler, (see
Diodorus Siculus).
Ninus is the name of
Asshur used by classical
writers.
Semiramis or Ishtar 42 2048-2006
Ninyas: called Zames 38 2006-1968
(see Vol. 1 for history).
THE EARLY SETTLERS OF EUROPE
The "Bavarian Chronicle" records in detail the earliest settlers
of Europe after the Deluge. Their encampments and habitations have been
recovered by archaeological research and are labeled the "Neolithic"
migrations that traversed the Danube and adjoining valleys.
Shem or Tuitsch came into Europe with members of his family, as
well as with certain of the sons of Japheth and two of the sons of Ham
who were of the white stock. From these have descended most of the
present-day nations of Europe. The descendants of Shem include many
sons of Joktan, son of Heber, and a number of the sons of Mash, son of
Aram. The Biblical names (Genesis 10) of the grandsons and
great-grandsons of Shem are clearly preserved in most instances by the
"Chronicle". In the following chart, together with the names of the
patriarchal settlers, appear either the areas settled, the tribes which
sprang from them, or their Biblical names. An historical or classical
map should be consulted for location of geographic names. In later
times the descendants of these early heroes migrated west, south, north
and east under population pressure.
Dukes settled by Shem
in Europe Identity, or Area settled
1. Sarmata, son of settled Sarmatia; is the
Joktan Hazarmaveth of Gen. 10:26;
colonized south Arabia;
a son Tanaus gave his name
to the river Tanais, now
called the Don.
2. Dacus, son of Mash, settled Dacia, later also
grandson of Aram colonized in Denmark
3. Geta, another son from whom came certain of
of Mash (included in the Getae of Roman history
Anderson's "Royal
Genealogies", but
not in "Bavarian
Chronicle")
4. Gotha Gether from whom came the Goths
(v .23)
5. Tibiscus, late settled on the river
Latin spelling of Theiss or Tibiscus;
Tiobo, an Italian descendants migrated into
spelling of Jobab Germany (see "Encyclopedia
(Gen. 10:29) Britannica", article
"Archaeology")
6. Moesa, Mash settled Mysia and Moesia
(Gen. 10:23)
7. Phrygus, or Brigus, settled in Phrygia and
son of Mash (Gen. Europe
10:23)
8. Thynus, son of Mash settled Bithynia in Asia
Minor
9. Dalmata, Almodad settled Dalmatia on Adriatic
(v. 26)
10. Jader, Jerah (v .26), founded the port called
his descendants also Jaderia Colonia in Illyria
settled in Arabia
11. Albanus or Albion, for whom Albania is named,
Abimael (v. 28) and also Albion or Britain;
his descendants early
migrated to the Isle of
Britain
12. Sabus or Sau, Sheba settled on the river Save;
(v. 28) migrated to Italy as
Sabines
13. Pannus or Benno, settled Pannonia
son of Mash
14. Sala or Salon built the town Sala; gave
Shelah (v. 24) his name to river Sal
15. Azalus or Aezel, ancestor of the Azali;
Uzal (v. 27) also settled in Aezeland
in Pannonia
16. Hister, the Joktan settled Istria; Hister
of the Bible (Gen. means same in Indo-European
10:25) tongues that Joktan does
in Hebrew -- water course
(Rawlinson, "Ancient
History")
17. Adulas or Adler, anciently dwelt on Upper
Hadoram (v. 27); Rhine; his son Than gave
colonized in Arabia his name to the river
Thonau, now called the
Danube
18. Dicla, Diklah thought to have dwelt on
(v. 27) Upper Rhine; his
descendants later migrated
to Gedrosia in Persia
l9. Obalus or Elb, from him the river Elbe
Obal (v. 28) takes its name
20. Epirus Ophir colonized Asia from Epirus
(v. 29)
21. Eber built Ebersau -- the
Eburodunum of Ptolemy's
map
22. Hoeril, Havilah gave his name to river
(Gen. 10:29) Havel or Havila (Jacobus
Schatz: "Atlas Homannianus
Illustratus", p. 121); from
him descended the Heruli
The white descendants of the following patriarchs also colonized
parts of Europe:
23. Arcadius, father of the settled Arcadia in Greece
Arkites (Gen. 10:17)
24. Emathius, father of settled Emathia in Macedonia
Hamathites (Gen. 10:18)
25. Tiras, son of colonized Thrace
Japheth
26. Moska, Meshech -- colonized east of the
son of Japheth Carpathians
27. Javan, son of Hebrew name for Greece is
Japheth Javan
28. Thubal, son of Josephus records that
Japheth certain of his children
settled Spain
29. Gomer, son of dwelt for a time in Italy
Japheth
30. Asch, Ashkenaz -- his descencants mixed with
son of Gomer the Goths -- whence Jews
who settled in Central
Europe acquired name of
Ashkenazim
31. Reif or Rus, settled in Scythia and
Riphath -- son of White Russia
Gomer
32. Tagus, Togarmah -- dwelt for a time in Southern
son of Gomer Europe
KINGS OF ANCIENT GERMANY
Early Kings of German Lengths of Reign Dates
1. Tuitsch or Tuisto 176 2214-2038
(236) (2214-1978)
Chief of thirty-two dukes. Noah gave him all the land between the
Don River and the Rhine or what was called Grossgermania. This is the
beginning of the "neolithic" settlement of Europe. Tuitsch is,
according to all ancient German commentaries and chronicles, a son of
Noah. But which son? Noah adopted Tuitsch's children as his own. The
ancient Germans understood the name Tuitsch to be the title "Teacher."
He was therefore the great patriarch of his family who taught the
divine will to his children.
Tuitsch is the father of Mannus (who is the Assyrian Ninus). The
son of Mannus, Trebeta, is the same man who is called the son of Ninus
in classical writers. The son of Mannus or Ninus -- Trebeta -- built
Trier, the first town of Germany. Since the Bible calls this Ninus (who
built Nineveh), Asshur, Tuitsch is therefore Shem!
Tuitsch (Shem) left Europe for Egypt in 2038. His appearance in
Egyptian chronological records of Dynasty I dates his arrival and
government in 2037. From Armenia Tuitsch left 155 years after the Flood
(131 plus 24) -- see the comments at the beginning of this chapter.
With him were twenty-two descendants plus eight from Japheth and two
from Ham. Tuitsch made his headquarters at Deutz (today Koeln-Deutz).
The country is called Deutschland after him -- that is, the land of the
great Patriarch or Teacher, Shem. In the 25th year of his reign
(2190-2189) Tuitsch held a state assembly, divided lands among his
descendants and ordained laws. He also brought more colonies from
Mesopotamia.
2. Mannus or Mann 72 1978-1906
(66) (1978-1912)
For the last 60 years of Tuitsch's or Shem's reign in Germany, he
governed his family from Egypt and Italy. It was not until 1978 that
Mannus assumed the government over Western Europe, succeeding his
father Tuitsch. At the beginning of his reign he sends out colonies to
France and Asia Minor. His son Herman establishes the kingdoms of
Phrygia, Mysia and Bithynia in Mannus' 34th year (1945-1944). Another
son Trieber or Trebeta, built Trier. Nerus, another son, settled in the
Netherlands. This Mannus is the Assyrian Ninus and is Asshur, son of
Shem. Asshur means "strength" in Hebrew and has the same sense as
Mannus -- masculinity -- in German.
3. Eingeb or Ingaevon 36 1906-1870
(40) (1912-1872)
This son of Mannus or Ninus -- Asshur -- was the German Mercury.
His wife Freia was the German Venus. He instituted the observance of
Weinnachten of December 24. Eingeb is responsible for settling Germans
on the North Sea from Denmark to Dunkirk. He sent his general Brigus
from the Danube valley to secure Spain against the African Amazons
(female warriors). Myrein, queen of the African Amazons advanced up the
Danube but was defeated and slain by Eingeb's generals Seiphyl and
Mopser.
4. Ausstaeb or Istaevon 50 1870-1820
(52) (1872-1820)
Son of Eingeb, Ausstaeb was the German Mars. From him are
descended the Rheinlanders. In his days a great drought devastated
Italy.
5. Herman 63 1820-1757
Son of Ausstaeb. He taught the philosophy that war and to die in
battle is most pleasing to God. He introduced the arts of warmaking to
the Germans. The Druids began to flourish in Germany. Herman settled
the heart of Germany, whose people were called Hermanduri or Hermiones
after him.
6. Mers 46 1757-1711
Son of Herman. The city of Merseburg is named after him. The
Dithmarsii descended from him. Oryz, the Egyptian god-king Osiris, came
with his wife Eisen up the Danube valley to Mers. They left Germany and
went to Italy on their way back to Egypt. Cultural development of
Germany through contact with Egypt in days of Joseph -- beer making,
agriculture, forging and medicine were brought to Germany.
7. Gampar 44 1711-1667
Son of Mers. He was the inventor of beer brewing. His daughter
Araxa became one of the wives of Libys (the Egyptian and Spanish
Hercules), the son of Oryz, and gave birth to Tuscus, Schyth,
Agatyrsus, Peucinger and Gutho.
8. Schwab 46 1667-1621
Son of Gampar. He gave his name to Schwaben. In his reign Eisen
came to Germany and taught the people various crafts.
9. Wandler 41 1621-1580
Son of Schwab. Ancestor of the German Wenden or Vandals, who were
first known at the Weser, next in the countries north of the Elbe;
afterwards, a colony went into Spain, then into Africa where they
restored the Roman Empire; their kingdom was demolished by General
Belisarius. The cities of Luebeck, Rostoch, Dantzig, and others are the
relics of those first Vandals who did not migrate to North Africa.
These German Vandals are different from the Wends called Slavi,
Slavonians, Poles, Bohemians who settled in the ancient lands of the
Vandals.
10. Deuto 27 1580-1553
Son of Wandler, gave his name to the Teutones. He led a campaign
into France and built there the cities of Vannes, Sens, Santgenge and
Toulouse. He was deified as the German Mercury, as Eingeb had
previously been.
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Mannus or Mann 72 1978-1906
(66) (1978-1912)
For the last 60 years of Tuitsch's or Shem's reign in Germany, he
governed his family from Egypt and Italy. It was not until 1978 that
Mannus assumed the government over Western Europe, succeeding his
father Tuitsch. At the beginning of his reign he sends out colonies to
France and Asia Minor. His son Herman establishes the kingdoms of
Phrygia, Mysia and Bithynia in Mannus' 34th year (1945-1944). Another
son Trieber or Trebeta, built Trier. Nerus, another son, settled in the
Netherlands. This Mannus is the Assyrian Ninus and is Asshur, son of
Shem. Asshur means "strength" in Hebrew and has the same sense as
Mannus -- masculinity -- in German.
3. Eingeb or Ingaevon 36 1906-1870
(40) (1912-1872)
This son of Mannus or Ninus -- Asshur -- was the German Mercury.
His wife Freia was the German Venus. He instituted the observance of
Weinnachten of December 24. Eingeb is responsible for settling Germans
on the North Sea from Denmark to Dunkirk. He sent his general Brigus
from the Danube valley to secure Spain against the African Amazons
(female warriors). Myrein, queen of the African Amazons advanced up the
Danube but was defeated and slain by Eingeb's generals Seiphyl and
Mopser.
4. Ausstaeb or Istaevon 50 1870-1820
(52) (1872-1820)
Son of Eingeb, Ausstaeb was the German Mars. From him are
descended the Rheinlanders. In his days a great drought devastated
Italy.
5. Herman 63 1820-1757
Son of Ausstaeb. He taught the philosophy that war and to die in
battle is most pleasing to God. He introduced the arts of warmaking to
the Germans. The Druids began to flourish in Germany. Herman settled
the heart of Germany, whose people were called Hermanduri or Hermiones
after him.
6. Mers 46 1757-1711
Son of Herman. The city of Merseburg is named after him. The
Dithmarsii descended from him. Oryz, the Egyptian god-king Osiris, came
with his wife Eisen up the Danube valley to Mers. They left Germany and
went to Italy on their way back to Egypt. Cultural development of
Germany through contact with Egypt in days of Joseph -- beer making,
agriculture, forging and medicine were brought to Germany.
7. Gampar 44 1711-1667
Son of Mers. He was the inventor of beer brewing. His daughter
Araxa became one of the wives of Libys (the Egyptian and Spanish
Hercules), the son of Oryz, and gave birth to Tuscus, Schyth,
Agatyrsus, Peucinger and Gutho.
8. Schwab 46 1667-1621
Son of Gampar. He gave his name to Schwaben. In his reign Eisen
came to Germany and taught the people various crafts.
9. Wandler 41 1621-1580
Son of Schwab. Ancestor of the German Wenden or Vandals, who were
first known at the Weser, next in the countries north of the Elbe;
afterwards, a colony went into Spain, then into Africa where they
restored the Roman Empire; their kingdom was demolished by General
Belisarius. The cities of Luebeck, Rostoch, Dantzig, and others are the
relics of those first Vandals who did not migrate to North Africa.
These German Vandals are different from the Wends called Slavi,
Slavonians, Poles, Bohemians who settled in the ancient lands of the
Vandals.
10. Deuto 27 1580-1553
Son of Wandler, gave his name to the Teutones. He led a campaign
into France and built there the cities of Vannes, Sens, Santgenge and
Toulouse. He was deified as the German Mercury, as Eingeb had
previously been.
11. Alman (Allmann or Altman) 64 1553-1489
Son of Deuto, was the German Hercules. Famous for use of trained
lions in war. Bore a lion in his shield. Bavarians, who descended from
him, still use a lion on their coat of arms. He had many sons. Norein
received Noricum (in Bavaria today). Norein was the father of part of
the Bavarians. Haun was the father of the German Huns and lived with
his brothers Glan and Schyter. Helvos was the father of the Helvetti in
Switzerland. Baier ruled Bavaria. Mied and Math were the ancestors of
the Mediomatrices in Alsace. Theur went to foreign lands.
12. Baier 60 1489-1429
Son of Alman. He sent a great army of Germans and Wends from
Germany, Denmark and Gothland to the Balkans. One group, the Goths
under Gebreich and Vilmer, settled on the river Theissa and lived there
as the Getae till the time of Valentinian. Another group, including the
German Amazons, proceeded down the Danube valley to the Black Sea and
on through the Crimea and the Palus Maeotis to Armenia and Cappadocia
and the Taurus mountains. Here they were known as the Cimmerians. Baier
was also known as Bojus of Bavaria since he was the ancestor of many
Bavari. He built Prague.
13. Ingram or Ingramus 52 1429-1377
Son of Baier. He sent many German colonists to Asia Minor.
Tanhauser, king of the Germans in Asia Minor, and his priestess
Schmirein, led a conquering army through Syria as far as Egypt. Built
Hermenia, afterwards called Reginoberg (Ratisbon).
14. Adalger or Adelger 49 1377-1328
Son of Ingram. German Amazons were again famous in his time under
Queens Lautpotis and Martpeis. They crossed through Asia Minor to
Lycia, but were defeated.
15. Larein 51 1328-1277
Son of Adalger. This is the Laertes of Trojan fame, mentioned by
the Roman historian Tacitus. During his rule an army set out from
Germany and went via Poland and Ruthenia to the Danube valley. Here it
was joined by Germans who had come to the area some 150 years earlier,
and the combined forces fell into Asia Minor under their leader Mader
and their queen Aloph. They passed through Phrygia and settled in
Armenia.
16. Ylsing or Ulsing 53 1277-1224
Son of Larein. This is the Trojan Ulysses of Tacitus. He is also
the Greek Odysseus who sailed out to the Atlantic and up to the Rhine.
Built Emmerick on the Main. During his reign the Germans under Galter
again invaded Asia Minor and settled on the banks of the river
Sangarius. Priam of Troy tried in vain to expel them, finally made a
treaty, and they later helped him against the Greeks.
17. Brenner or Breno 38 1224-1186
Son of Ylsing, in whose reign Prichs ruled the Germans on the
Black Sea and the women under queen Themyschyr conquered Bithynia,
Paphlagonia and Cappadocia.
18. Heccar (Hykar or Highter) 31 1186-1155
Son of Brenner. He is the famous Hector of the First Trojan War.
He was of great help to Priam. Teutschram, king of the Germans of
Transylvania and son-in-law of Priam also sent help.
19. Frank (Francus or Franco) 41 1155-1114
Son of Heccar. From him descended the German Franks or
Franconians. In his days Amar, queen of the German Amazons, burned the
temple in Ephesus.
20. Wolfheim Siclinger 58 1114-1056
Son of Frank. He sent another great migration of settlers from
Germany to the Black Sea.
21. Kels, Gal and Hillyr 50 1056-1006
Sons of Wolfheim. They divided their father's realm after his
death. Hillyr received Illyria, Gal received Gaul and Kels received
Germany. Hillyr had three daughters and six sons, all of whom settled
in the regions of the Balkans, Thrace and Greece.
22. Alber 60 1006-946
Son of Gal, ruled together with his six cousins. The center of his
government was in France.
23. Walther, Panno and Schard 62 946-884
Another son of Gal, ruled together with Panno and Schard, the
grandsons of Hillyr. From Walther Italy is called Walhen or Walschland.
Panno gave his name to Pannonia. From Schard came the Schardinger or
Schordisci.
24. Main, Žngel and Treibl 70 884-814
Sons of Walther, ruled jointly with Treibl, son of Panno. From
Žngel are descended the Angles who lived in Thringen and Meissen.
25. Myela, Laber and Penno 100 814-714
They ruled jointly.
26. Venno and Helto 70 714-644
Ruled jointly. Helto invaded and settled in Italy, expelling the
former inhabitants.
27. Mader (Madyas) 55 644-589
Made extensive conquests. He built Milan. He led a German campaign
as far as Syria and Palestine. Of his sons, Balweis received Lombardy,
Sigweis Bavaria, and Brenner Thringen and Meissen.
28. Brenner II and Koenman 110 589-479
Brenner was the son of Mader. He was an "Engl„nder" and king of
the Schwaben. His wife was Th„m„rin (Tomyris), queen of the Getae,
Dacians and Scythians. Brenner sent her troops to help in the war
against Cyrus. He also defeated Darius who tried to invade the lower
Danube region. Together Brenner and Th„m„rin conquered much of Asia
Minor as far as Armenia. His nephew K”nman, son of Sigweis, was king of
the Bavarians. Brenner expelled K”nman and 300,000 Bavarians from
Bohemia and resettled that region with Schwaben, who then became known
as Markmannen. Some of the expelled Bavarians settled in Bavaria
proper, but by far the largest number of them crossed the Alps into
Italy, from where they drove out some of the Etruscans. After the death
of K”nman, the Bavarians of Italy were ruled by the kings Zeck, Ber
(who built Bern or Verona) and Breitmar.
29. Landein with his sons 80 479-399
Ant„r and R”g„r
30. Brenner III 38 399-361
Son of Breitmar, was king over both Schwaben and Bavarians, and
reigned over Germany and Italy. Under his leadership the Schwaben and
Bavarians sacked Rome. He had sons H”rkaz, Matsch”r, Guotfrid and
Schirm. His daughter Gueta was married to Philip of Macedon. Burning of
Rome (July 390) occurred in his 9th year.
31. Schirm 361-263
Son of Brenner III. He and his son Brenner IV ruled until 60 years
after death of Alexander -- although Brenner IV dies earlier. Brenner
led a massive German invasion into Greece, plundered Macedonia and the
oracle at Delphi, but was killed in 279 B.C.
32. Thessel 85 279-194
Son of Brenner IV, ruled jointly with his uncle Lauther and his
brother Euring. Lauther, with his brother Lebmner, broke into Asia
Minor with 20,000 men and settled in Cappadocia and Phrygia. Thessel's
sons Breitmar, Ernvest and Wirdm„r ruled over the Bavarians in Italy.
His wife, Teutscha, was queen of Istria. The Romans defeated the
Bavarians in Italy, killing Wirdm„r and 40,000 of his men.
33. Dieth I no length given 194-172
Son of Thessel, ruled jointly with his son Diethmer. Diethmer
invaded Palestine on behalf of Antiochus IV, took many Jews captive and
settled them in Germany near Regensburg. Soon afterwards Hannibal
attacked Italy and many of the Bavarians from Northern Italy joined him
against Rome. After Hannibal's defeat there followed a war between the
Romans and Bavarians in northern Italy which lasted 12 years. Finally,
weary of fighting, the Bavarians left Italy, where they had dwelt for
almost 400 years, and settled in Pannonia. Dieth was also driven from
Italy, whereupon Diethmer, in retaliation, persuaded Philip V of
Macedon to renew his hostilities with Rome. Entz and Olor, German kings
in Istria and Transylvania, aided Philip, but Rome won. In Asia Minor
Rome launched an attack against the German kings Orthjag, Gompelmer,
G„udhor, Orgsgund and Eposgnad. These retreated eastward over the
Halys, where they were defeated, sued for peace, and swore never to
raid foreign nations again. The Romans also defeated king Entz of
Istria.
34. Baermund and Synpol 45 172-127
Ruled after the death of Dieth I and Diethmer.
35. Boiger, Kels and 27 127-100
Teutenbuecher
They ruled jointly over the Germans and Bavarians in 127 B.C. They
gathered an army of 300,000 Saxons and Bavarians, intending to invade
and resettle Italy, from which they had been driven some 70 years
earlier. They were, however, defeated by Marius at Aquae Sextiae (102
B.C.) and Vercellae (101 B.C.). Boiger died, having reigned 27 years.
36. Scheirer 30 100-70
Mithridates tried to enlist his aid in the struggles against Rome.
37. Ernst (Arionistus) and Vocho 20 70-50
Ernst was king over Germany and France, his brother-in-law, Vocho,
over Bavaria, Austria and Hungary. Ernst invaded France, fought there
for 14 years, and settled it with 120,000 Germans. Next 33,000
Bavarians decided to go via France and Spain into Italy. They were
joined by the Helvetti. Julius Caesar defeated them, sent the Helvetii
back home, but allowed the Bavarians to settle in Burgundy. Caesar also
defeated king Ernst.
38. Pernpeist 10 50-40
He made a treaty with Persia against the Romans, made raids into
Greece and even attacked Apulia and Naples by sea. The Bavarians,
having been driven from Italy, lived near the Drave and Danube for 127
years. In the times of Ernst and Pernpeist they left their homes,
sailed down the Danube and settled near the Vistula, Dniester and
Dnieper, where they remained some 550 years. The name of the Bavarians
is not encountered again for some 500 years, till the time of Attila.
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| No. | Image | King | Reign[8] | Succession | Notes | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sumu-abum Šumu-abum | c. 1894–1881 BC
(13 years)
| Liberated Babylon from the control ofKazallu | The first king of Babylon, Sumu-abum freed a small region centered on Babylon, previously under the control of the city state Kazallu. He did not title himself as King of Babylon (and neither did his first three successors), suggesting that the city wasn't very important at the time. | [8][9] | |
| 2 | Sumu-la-El Šumu-la-El | c. 1881–1845 BC
(36 years)
| Unknown | Sumu-la-El's year names reference the construction of a great city wall in Babylon. | [8][10] | |
| 3 | Sabium Sabūm | c. 1845–1831 BC
(14 years)
| Unknown | Sabium's year names reference wars with Larsa and building projects in various cities in the region surrounding Babylon. | [8][11] | |
| 4 | Apil-Sin Apil-Sîn | c. 1831–1813 BC
(18 years)
| Unknown | Apil-Sin's year names reference several building projects in Babylon, including temples and a new city wall. | [8][12] | |
| 5 | Sin-Muballit Sîn-Muballit | c. 1813–1792 BC
(21 years)
| Son of Apil-Sin | The first ruler to actually title himself King of Babylon, began expanding the territory of his previously minor empire. | [8][13] | |
| 6 |  | Hammurabi Ḫammu-rāpi | c. 1792–1750 BC
(42 years)
| Son of Sin-Muballit | Hammurabi massively expanded Babylon's territory, founding the Old Babylonian Empire and bringing most of Mesopotamia under his control. He is also famous for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. | [8][14] |
| 7 | Samsu-iluna Šamšu-iluna | c. 1750–1712 BC
(38 years)
| Son of Hammurabi | Samsu-iluna campaigned victoriously against several of Babylon's rebellious vassals in the wake of Hammurabi's death and though he was unable to keep the entirity of his father's empire together, he successfully retained control of the empire's heartlands in southern Mesopotamia. | [8] | |
| 8 | Abi-Eshuh Abī-Ešuḫ | c. 1712–1684 BC
(28 years)
| Son of Samsu-iluna | Babylonia experienced severeElamite raids during Abu-Eshuh's reign. | [8] | |
| 9 | Ammi-Ditana Ammi-ditāna | c. 1684–1647 BC
(47 years)
| Son of Abi-Eshuh | Largely peaceful reign; Ammi-Ditana was primarily engaged in building projects such as enriching and enlarging the temples. | [8] | |
| 10 | Ammi-Saduqa Ammi-Saduqa | c. 1647–1626 BC
(21 years)
| Unknown | Largely peaceful reign; Ammi-Saduqa was primarily engaged in building projects such as enriching and enlarging the temples. | [8] | |
| 11 | Samsu-Ditana Šamšu-ditāna | c. 1626–1595 BC
(31 years)
| Great-great-grandson of Hammurabi | The Old Babylonian Empire came to a sudden end during Samsu-Ditana's reign as theHittites, for reasons unknown, sacked and destroyed the city. |
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